The Vital Acid—Alkaline Balance continue...

Excess salt intake can also severely upset the body's water balance. Along with potassium, which also occurs naturally in fresh foods, the sodium in foods and in salt itself (which is sodium chloride) plays an important part in the movement of electrons through the body's water- based protoplasm. This is why sodium and potassium are known as electrolytes. Potassium tends to concentrate in the cells, sodium in the fluids outside the cells. The balance between sodium and potassium, when it is right, sets up a dynamic tension that makes it possible for the living cells to react quickly and efficiently to nerve stimuli, to exchange nutrients and wastes easily through the cell wall, and to maintain the proper interior and extracellular water balance. Too much sodium, which most of us get from eating salt, upsets this balance altogether and can cause troubles. It forces the body to hold on to extra amounts of water to make up for the extra salt one has eaten. Tissues become bloated, and this salt-caused edema can interfere with the blood's oxygen transfer to cells as well as creating extra pressure against the blood vessel walls themselves. These are some of the reasons the Lifestyle Diet eliminates salt both in cooking and at the table. It relies instead on fresh and dried herbs, garlic, and spices for seasoning.

Throw out the Coffee

Caffeine, a trimethylated xanthine, is found in coffee beans, tea leaves, cola nuts, and cacao, from which chocolate is made. Together with nicotine and alcohol, it makes up a trio of the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world. The xanthines are stimulants to the central nervous system. They increase heartbeat rate, increase the volume and concentration of acid in the stomach, relax the smooth muscles in the body, raise blood lipids, stimulate the cerebral cortex (which means they heighten the intensity of mental processes), banishing drowsiness and feelings of fatigue. Caffeine and alcohol also have a diuretic effect on the system, causing frequent urination.

The average cup of coffee contains between 100 and 150 milligrams of caffeine per cup, instant coffee somewhat less, tea between 60 and 75 milligrams, cola drinks between 50 and 60 milligrams. This means that if you are drinking four or five cups of coffee each day you are getting a dose of 700 to 750 milligrams of caffeine. To any pharmacologist a dose over 250 milligrams is considered large, although about a third of people in the West get twice as much each day and one person in ten actually imbibes more than 1,000 milligrams of the drug caffeine every twenty- four hours. The full long-term implications of drinking coffee (and, to a lesser degree, tea and cola drinks) are still not clear. However, enough is known already to inspire any woman concerned about the preservation of her health and beauty to give them up completely. For caffeine is a stimulus you do not need on a healthful low protein, low-fat diet high in unrefined carbohydrates.

The link between caffeine intake and anxiety symptoms has been well established. Dr. John Greded, associate professor of psychiatry at theUniversity of Michigan, and his colleagues and others have reported that high caffeine consumers have statistically significant elevations in anxiety scores. The risk of developing peptic ulcers is also 1.4 times greater among coffee drinkers than among non-coffee drinkers. There is now evidence that coffee consumption by pregnant women can be dangerous to the unborn child Caffeine has been shown to cross the placental barrier where its mutagenic and perhaps even teratogenic potential may cause genetic changes and, therefore, birth defects.

Finally, a daily intake of caffeine from coffee drinking is the same as continuing to supply your system with any other drug to which it has to adjust and which ultimately it has to detoxify and eliminate. One of the main principles of any long-term diet for health and beauty is, never add to the body anything which is not necessary and with which it has to deal. The fewer toxic substances there are, the less contribution they will make to tissue sludge, premature aging of skin, and the subclinical vitamin and mineral deficiencies which result in falling hair, breaking fingernails, chronic fatigue, and mental disorders. In the Lifestyle Diet, coffee, tea, cola drinks (even those without sugar), and cocoa are out. Instead, you can drink mineral waters, herb teas (but always in moderation since some of them in excess may not be good for you either), fresh fruit and vegetable juices, and coffee substitutes made from roots and grains.

Hypertension - the 'silent' killer

Apart from being one of the three major risk factors for CHD, high blood pressure is also the single most important risk factor for cerebrovascular disease (strokes). Hypertension affects one in five people in South Africa - yet many are unaware that they suffer from it until a routine medical check-up reveals the problem.

The specific causes of 95% of hypertension cases are unknown, although it is clear that certain dietary factors are important contributors. These include obesity, stress and excessive intakes of sodium (salt) and alcohol. The danger of high blood pressure is that it adds to the workload of the heart and arteries and accelerates atherosclerosis (blocking of the arteries), causing structural changes in the arteries - the higher the pressure, the greater the amount of damage done.

The salt/hypertension link

Evidence that there is an important link between a high salt intake and hypertension is sometimes described as 'circumstantial', but it is nevertheless very significant. While it may be impossible to prove that sodium is a direct cause of the condition, the incriminating evidence seems sufficient to recommend a general reduction in the consumption of salt.

Sodium is an unnecessary supplement to our diet - many foods have a natural sodium content which is quite sufficient for our needs - but we acquire the taste for added salt simply because it is given to us from an early age and it becomes a habit to pour it onto our food. The average South African consumes 10-15 g of salt a day, which is well above the recommended amount of 7,5 g. This includes salt which has been added to processed foods, in home cooking and at the table.

Although many people have normal blood pressure levels in spite of a high sodium intake, the recommendation is that since a low intake has no ill effects - while too much salt clearly raises the blood pressure levels of a large number of people - it makes sense to be on the safe side and either throw out the salt cellar or at least restrict its use considerably.

Combat Heart Disease

The danger of heart disease can and should be combatted on a daily basis in every home in South Africa - in fact, only in this way can we hope to lower our tragically high CHD statistics. Here are some tips for preventing the development of two of the major offenders - high blood cholesterol levels and hypertension - that you can put into practice in your own kitchen:

To cut back on saturated fats:

1. Choose poultry, fish and lean cuts of meat more often and remove the skin and trim the fat from meat.
2. Drink skim or 2% milk rather than the full-cream version. Eat low-fat cheese instead of hard cheese such as Cheddar.
3. Use tub margarines and/or vegetable oils (sunflower, olive oil) that are high in unsaturated fat instead of butter, lard and hard margarine - which are all high in saturated fat.
4. Cut down on commercially prepared and processed foods made with saturated fats and oils (such as biscuits, pies and pastries).

To cut down on dietary cholesterol:

• Eat less organ meat such as liver, brains and kidneys.
• Eat fewer egg yolks and try substituting two egg whites for each whole egg in recipes.

To increase complex carbohydrates:

• Eat more whole grain breads and cereals, pasta, rice and legumes (dried peas and beans).
• Eat fruit and vegetables more often.

To lose weight:

• Eat fewer kilojoules daily (cutting back on fat will really help).
• Burn up extra kilojoules by exercising regularly.

To reduce your total salt intake:

Remove the salt cellar from the table.

• Gradually reduce and/or omit salt in cooking (see below).
• Avoid foods with a high sodium content - the major culprits are canned, processed and convenience foods, such as bacon, sausages, salami, potato crisps, salted nuts, salty biscuits, powdered soups, gravy powders, stock cubes, sauces and dressings.
• Read food labels and avoid foods with added salt/sodium.

To cut back on alcohol:

• Choose low alcohol wines or beer.
• Dilute white wine with mineral or soda water.

Cutting salt out of cooking

You can get used to cooking with very little or no added salt by:

• Using garlic, dry mustard, peppers, onions, mushrooms and tomatoes to add flavour to meat and vegetable dishes in place of salt.
• Adding a little wine to casseroles and stews. The alcohol willevaporate during cooking, but the flavour remains.
• Adding sliced lemon or lemon juice to white meats and fish.
• Using herbs (such as basil, origanum, sage and thyme) and spices (such as cardamon, cinnamon, cumin and nutmeg) for flavour.

Baked Geelbek in Lemon Sauce

4 x 150 g portions filleted geelbek(Cape salmon)

4 large lettuce leaves

75 g soft butter

1 clove garlic, crushed

finely grated rind of 1 lemon

15 ml freshly squeezed lemon juice

15 ml chopped fresh dill

salt and milled black pepper

175 g whole peeled shrimps, well drained on kitchen paper (weigh after shelling)

60 ml dry white wine

dill fronds for garnish

Set the oven at 200°C. Cut four squares of foil, large enough to enclose the fish.

Place a lettuce leaf on each; this will prevent the fish from sticking, and will make serving easier. Put a piece of geelbek on each leaf.

In a small bowl cream together the butter, garlic, lemon rind and juice and dill, and season with salt and pepper. Spread on the fish and top with a scattering ofshrimps.

Pull up, the edges of the foil and add 15 ml wine to each parcel.

Turn the edges over to seal the parcels. Cook for about 15 minutes until the fish is firm to the touch.

To Serve: Remove fish and lettuce from the parcels, or simply place the parcels on warm plates and garnish with dill. Serves 4

Leonie's Snoek Tart

Delicious warm or cool, as a savoury snack with a glass of good wine. Serve with moskonfyk and seeded, finely chopped green chilli.

1 kg smoked snoek, deboned, skinned and flaked

vegetable oil

1 onion, finely chopped

125 ml grated mature Cheddar cheese

Pastry

375 ml cake flour

90 g unsalted butter, cut into blocks 45 ml iced water

White Sauce

500 ml milk

15 ml butter

15 ml flour

salt, milled white pepper, grated nutmeg

Pastry: Sift the flour into a large, chill. bowl. Rub in the butter with your fingertips until the mixture is flaky. Don't let it become oily.

Pour the iced water over the mixture and toss lightly. Gather the dough into a ball. If it crumbles, add a little more iced water a few drops at a time, until the pastry forms a ball. Dust with a little flour, wrap in waxed paper and refrigerate for 1 hour to rest.

Set the oven to 180°C. Roll out the pastry, line a greased quiche tin and bake blind for about 15 minutes. Cool.

White Sauce: Warm the milk in a small saucepan. Melt the butter in a medium saucepan. When the foam subsides, sift in the flour and stir with a wooded spoon to form a smooth paste. Remove from the heat and blend in the warm milk. Cook, stirring until the sauce thickens. Season with salt, pepper and nutmeg.

Heat oil in a non-stick frying pan and fry the onion until translucent.

Spread a little white sauce onto the pastry, then add the flaked snoek and onion. Repeat the layers once more, ending with a layer of white sauce. Cover with grated cheese and bake for about

20 minutes until the cheese is golden.

Serves 8

Dukkah-Crusted Fish with Cucumber Salad

Dukkah is an Egyptian nut and seed mixture. Eat on bread, sprinkle over salads and vegetables, or use to coat fish. It keeps well in an airtight jar, so mix a reasonable quantity at a time.

6 x 180 g portions filleted, firm white fish, skinned and sliced on the diagonal

freshy squeezed lemon juice, salt,

milled black pepper, butter

lemon wedges for squeezing

Dukkah

250 g sesame seeds

125 g coriander seeds

125 g hazelnuts, roasted and skinned

75 g cumin seeds

Cucumber Salad

1 English cucumber

salt

1 red onion, finely sliced

1 fresh red chilli, seeded and finely chopped 10 ml sugar

50 ml freshly squeezed lemon juice

Dukkah: Roast all the ingredients separately in a dry frying pan. Grind in a hand mill or blender, keeping the mixture coarse (don't allow the nuts and seeds to become oily). Mix and store in a sealed bottle.

Cucumber Salad: Make ahead so that it can drain and chill; it is best within 2 hours of preparing. Finely slice the cucumber (a mandoline works best), sprinkle with salt and pile in a sieve. Set aside to drain for 10 minutes.

Rinse with cold water and spread on a cloth to dry. Mix in a bowl with the onion, chilli, sugar and lemon juice. Cover and chill.

To Serve: Sprinkle fish with lemon juice, season with salt and pepper, roll in dukkah and fry in sizzling butter in a non-stick frying pan, turning once. As it's thinly sliced, the fish cooks in a minute or two.

Place on warm plates and serve with cucumber salad and lemon wedges. Serves 6

Pomegranate's Pickled Fish

This is well worth making in large quantities, as it improves with keepin and has a fridge life of two weeks, if kep well covered.

1,5 kg yellowtail, kabeljou or geelbek (Cape salmon), filleted and skinned

200 ml vegetable oil

1 kg onions, finely sliced

15 ml fresh, well-made masala

5 ml fennel seeds

5 ml coriander seeds

5 ml black peppercorns

2 ml whole cloves

4-5 bay leaves, preferably fresh

125 g dried apricots

500 ml red or white wine

(red gives a deeper colour to the dish)

10 ml coarse salt 75 ml vinegar

30 ml brown sugar

Place fish in a baking dish which allows sufficient space for the sauce.

Heat the oil in a large saucepan and fry the onions very slowly until they begin to colour; allow about 30 minutes, so the onion becomes nice and sweet.

Stir in the masala, fennel, coriander, peppercorns, cloves and bay leaves, fry for about 30 seconds, then add the apricots, wine and salt. Simmer very gently uncovered for about 20 minutes (or longer) until the flavour is just right; the wine reduces and the oil begins to thicken the sauce; don't rush things!

Add the vinegar and brown sugar. Check and adjust the flavour if necessary.

Set the oven at 200 °C. Pour sauce over the fish, cover with foil and bake for 20 minutes. Pierce with a fork to see if the fish is-nearly done; if not bake for 5 minutes more (cooking time depends on the oven and the baking dish, but remember that the fish will continue to cook as the sauce cools).

Cool completely, then cover and refrigerate for at least a day before serving.

To Serve: Offer as is, or serve on salad leaves with home-made mayonnaise. Serves 10 as a starter or light lunch

Fillet of Kabeljou with Stewed Onion and Chive Butter

4 x 200 g portions filleted kabeljou geelbek (Cape salmon)

500 g onions

250 g butter

3-4 sprigs fresh thyme

2 bay leaves

200 ml white wine

200 ml water

salt and milled black pepper

125 ml cream

1 bunch chives, finely chopped

Set the oven at 250'C. Grease a large baking dish. Finely slice 400 g of the onions; finely chop the rest.

Heat half the butter in a frying pan and cook the sliced onion for about 20 minutes until deep golden and richly caramelized. Stir often - constantly at the end - to prevent burning. Drain briefly on kitchen paper and keep warm.

Place the chopped onion in the baking dish, add the thyme, bay leaves, white wine and water, and season with salt and pepper. Place fish on top, cover with foil and bake for about 8 minutes until choked. Lift fish from the baking dish, place on warm plates and keep warm.

Strain all the juices into a small saucepanand boil uncovered for about 5 minutes until reduced by half. Add the cream and simmer uncovered for about 5 minutes more until the sauce thickens to a coating consistency. Whisk in the remaining butter bit by bit. Add the chives.

To Serve: Spoon onion on top of the fish, pour a little sauce around and serve the rest separately. Serve with new potatoes. Serves 4

Panfried Linefish and Roasted Vegetables with Caper and Butter Sauce

4 x 200 g portions filleted linefish

500 g new potatoes

1 brinjal (about 300 g), cut in half and sliced about 5 mm thick

olive oil, salt, milled black pepper, butter
2 courgettes, sliced about 5 mm thick

2 ripe tomatoes, cut in half and sliced

15 ml finely chopped garlic

50 g drained capers

freshly squeezed juice of 1 lemon

Cook the potatoes in their jackets in salted boiling water. Cool and peel.

Heat olive oil in a frying pan and stir-fry the brinjals, courgettes, and tomatoe until limp and golden. Add the garlic and season with salt and pepper. Set aside and keep warm.

Heat 50 g butter in a non-stick frying pan and gently fry the potatoes until golden. Remove from the pan and keep warm.

Add a little more butter to the pan an fry the fish until browned on both sides and cooked through. Place on warm serving plates with the vegetables.

Add another 80 g butter to the pan. When it foams, add the capers and lemon juice, and season with salt and pepper. Pour over the fish and serve immediately. Serves 4

Mr Bray's Favorite Salmon

4 x 140 g portions filleted Norwegian salmon, skinned

olive oil, freshly squeezed lemon juice, salt, milled black pepper

100 ml Fish Stock (page 209)

45 ml Vermouth

30 ml dry white wine

50 g finely chopped onion

250 ml cream

30 ml medium cream sherry

50 g finely chopped leek (white part only) 30 g butter

chopped fresh chives

Cut the salmon into thin escalopes and fan on four heat-proof serving plates. Brush with a little olive oil, and flavour with lemon juice, salt and pepper.

Place the fish stock, Vermouth, wine and chopped onion in a medium saucepan and boil uncovered until the liquid has reduced to 30 ml. Strain into clean saucepan, pressing out all the moisture. Discard the onion.

Add the cream, sherry and leek to the reduction, bring to the boil and simmer uncovered until reduced and thickened to a coating consistency.

Whisk in the butter and season with salt and pepper. Meanwhile set the oven at 250 'C.

To Serve: Pour sauce over the salmon and bake for about 2¹/2 minutes. Check for doneness, and cook for 1 minute more if necessary. Garnish with chives. Serves 4 as a starter

Fish 'n Pesto

4 x 200 g portions filleted fish; skin on 100 g butter, cut into 4 blockssteamed baby vegetables to serve Season's Dill Beurre Blanc (page 213)

Basil Pesto

500 ml tightly packed basil leaves

2 cloves garlic

50 g toasted pine nuts, almonds or peanuts

150 ml olive oil

(or half olive, half vegetable oil)

100 ml grated Parmesan or Pecorino cheese salt and milled black pepper

Basil Pesto: Blend the basil, garlic and pine nuts together in a food processor. Add the oil then mix in the cheese; don't overmix or the mixture may 'curdle' and spoil the rough texture. Season with salt and pepper. Cover and keep refrigerated.

Set the oven at 250°C. Lightly oil four large pieces of foil. Place fish portions in the centre of each. Coat with a little pesto, top with a block of butter, and wrap to make a parcel; don't make it too tight around the fish as it needs to steam inside.

Bake for about 8 minutes (for linefish like rock cod; a little less if you choose to use a fish like salmon, kob or Cape salmon).

To Serve: Place baby vegetables on warm plates with fish on top. Serve with dill beurre blanc.

Serves 4

Sautéed Scampi with Peppers and Tarragon

24 large prawns, shelled and deveined olive oil

60 ml chopped fresh tarragon, or 5 ml dried tarragon

salt and milled black pepper

1 red, 1 yellow and 1 green pepper, seeded and cut into tiny cubes

4 courgettes, sliced

60 ml brandy

salad leaves, cucumber, cocktail tomatoes lemon wedges for squeezing

Heat olive oil in a non-stick frying pan. Lightly fry the prawns until they are sealed and change colour, tossing constantly. Add half the tarragon and season with salt and pepper.

Add the chopped peppers and courgettes and stir-fry over high heat until tender; don't allow the vegetables to overcook and change colour. Sprinkle over the remaining tarragon, pour in the brandy and flame.

To Serve: Arrange salad leaves, sliced cucumber and tomatoes on plates. Spoonscampi and vegetables alongside, and garnish with lemon wedges.

Serves 4

Cape Malay-Style Seafood Curry

6 langoustines, shelled and deveined

18 large prawns, shelled and deveined

400 g firm, filleted linefish

(like yellowtail), skinned

and cut into 2 cm cubes

200 g calamari tubes, well cleaned and sliced into rings

18-24 black mussels, on the half shell small bunch fresh coriander leaves for garnish

Curry

vegetable oil

2 onions, chopped

2 ripe tomatoes, blanched, peeled and chopped 15 ml seafood masala

5 ml turmeric 5 ml paprika 5 ml ground coriander

2 ml ground cardamom

2 bay leaves

500 ml Fish Stock

salt and milled black pepper

Curry: Heat oil in a large saucepan and fry the onion until translucent. Add the tomato, cover and cook gently for 5 minutes. Stir in the masala, turmeric, paprika, coriander, cardamom, bay leaves and stock and simmer uncovered for about 5 minutes until the sauce thickens slightly. Season with salt and pepper.

Heat oil in a large non-stick frying pan and lightly fry the langoustines, prawns, linefish and calamari. Add the partly cooked seafood to the sauce and simme gently for 3-5 minutes until cooked. Ad the mussels and heat through.

To Serve: Tip the curry into a warm serving dish and garnish with coriand leaves. Serve with rice.Serves 6

Soupe de Poisson

Fish soup is a most imaginative dish, one which differs every time you make it, depending on what seafood is available Use an assortment of shellfish and fi

fleshed fish.

1 kg filleted fish and shellfish

olive oil

1 onion, finely sliced

2 leeks, finely sliced 5 ml crushed garlic finely grated rind of ¹/2 orange

2 sprigs fresh fennel pinch saffron

1,5 litres Fish Stock (page 209)

410 g can whole peeled tomatoes, choppe (don't drain)

Salt and milled black pepper

crusty bread or croutons

shaved Parmesan, grated Gruyere or mature Cheddar cheese

Rouille

1 green pepper, seeded and sliced

1 fresh red or green chilli, seeded and sliced

4 cloves garlic, peeled

1 piece canned red pimento

150 ml water

45 ml olive oil

15-30 ml soft white breadcrumbs

Rouille: In a blender or food processor purée the green pepper, chilli, garlic, imento and water.

Gradually whizz in the olive oil (the fixture should be smooth, but should of separate). Add sufficient breadcrumbs for the rouille to hold its shape.

Prepare the seafood: Skin and cube the fish; shell and devein the shellfish.

Heat olive oil in a large saucepan and the onion, leek, garlic, orange rind and fennel until soft.

Add the saffron, fish stock, tomato and food and simmer for 5-7 minutesuntil cooked. Season with salt and pepper.

To Serve: Spread rouille on crusty bread or croutons and place in warm soup bowls. Pour over the soup and offer shaved or grated cheese separately, with the remaining rouille.

Serves 6

Linefish Pickle

400 g filleted, firm linefish, skinned

and cubed cake flour vegetable oil

4 onions, sliced

250 ml grape or cider vinegar

30 ml curry paste

15 ml crushed garlic

1 bay leaf

8-10 peppercorns

salt

Lightly dust the cubes of linefish in flour. Heat oil in a medium saucepan and fry the onion until translucent. Remove from the pan and set aside.

Add the fish (and a little extra oil if necessary) and fry until cooked but still succulent. Remove from the pot with a slotted spoon and set aside.

Return the onion to the pan with the vinegar, curry paste, garlic, bay leaf and peppercorns, and add salt to taste. While still hot, pour over the fish and allow to cool.

Serve at room temperature, or warm as a salad. It's delicious with baby spinach leaves, rocket leaves and shredded fennel bulbs.

Serves 4

Langoustine Curry

500 g langoustine tails, deveined

vegetable oil

2 onions, chopped

10 ml crushed garlic

10 ml crushed green ginger

10 ml curry powder

30 ml curry leaves

1 fresh red or green chilli, halved and seeded

1 /2x 410 g cans whole peeled tomatoes, chopped (don't drain)

5 ml salt

5 ml ground turmeric

1 bunch fresh coriander leaves

Heat oil in a large saucepan, add the onion, cover and sweat gently until translucent.

Stir in the garlic, ginger, curry powder, curry leaves and chilli. Add the tomato, salt and turmeric, cover and simmer for about 30 minutes. Add the langoustine tails and simmer for about 5 minutes until cooked.

To Serve: Tip the curry into a warm serving bowl and garnish with coriander leaves. Serve with white or savoury rice. Serves 4

King's Coquilles

12 scallops with coral (roe)

salt, milled black pepper, cake flour olive oil

1 small leek, finely sliced

6 button mushrooms, thinly sliced

6 courgettes, cut into julienne strips 1 clove garlic, crushed

5 ml chopped fresh parsley

5 ml finely chopped fresh fennel 125 ml white wine

60 ml Fish Stock (page 209)

Fish Velouté (page 212)

fresh coriander fronds for garnish

Season the scallops with salt and pepper and dust with flour.

Heat a little olive oil in a frying pan and fry the leek until translucent. Add the scallops and cook for 2-3 minutes. Add the mushrooms, courgette, garlic, parsley, fennel, wine and fish stock and simmer uncovered until the sauce has reduced by half. Season with salt and pepper.

To Serve: Allow three scallops per serving. Spoon over hot fish velouté and garnish with fresh coriander fronds.

Serves 4