Men and dieting part 1

A couple of years ago I was explaining my area of research at a job interview. After I had given what I considered a clear and full account of my work, the only man in the room said 'There is an obvious logical error in your work'. I was totally taken aback and meekly asked what it was. 'What about men?' he said. I had never really considered men in relation to dieting before. My interest in the area stems from being a woman myself, and I always felt that it was nice to work on something that men hadn't managed to monopolise yet. This post is a concession to that male interviewer, and to the many other men who have told me 'it's just as bad for men'.

Men also have role models and heroes. Over the centuries, literature has been full of ever changing images of the ideal man. In 1813 Jane Austen wrote in Pride and Prejudice:

Mr Darcy soon drew the attention of the room by his fine, tall person, handsome features, noble mien; and the report which was in general circulation within five minutes after his entrance, of his having ten thousand a year.

Attractive men were tall, straight and rich.

In the 1950s Charles Atlas used to be the ideal man. Men were sold work-out kits and body-building equipment. They had to be large, powerful and strong. They were men of few words and lots of muscles. But what is the message now? Do men have an image that they have to conform to?

It is often assumed that the media focus only on women's bodies in their attempts to sell a wide variety of products. Most adverts still have women modelling anything from clothes to cars

to cleaning fluid. I asked several men if they felt there were pressures on men to look a certain way.

One 25-year-old NHS manager immediately replied: 'Definitely' and proceeded to provide a detailed description of the ideal man:

You have to be tall, in a sharp suit (casual but smart), exuding money. The ideal body is well built, wide shoulders, a v-shaped back tapering to a firm bottom with dimples and a flat stomach.

He felt that men used to be proud of their beer guts but now they were ashamed and hid them.

Another 25-year-old man said that the ideal man was summed up by the actor Richard Gere: 'Not over-muscular, fit and at fighting weight. So that you don't really notice his body, but it is capable of doing what it's supposed to do without impairing itself' He felt that the ideal body was to do with fitness and health. He felt that the ideal body was one that was not noticeable because it was 'how a man's body should be'. Another felt that the ideal man was 'lithe, fit, stubbly and dark haired'.

I also asked several men what these images meant to them. The most common answer was that being tall, thin and fit meant that you were in control, and control was central to the 1990s' image of the ideal man. It also meant that you were healthy and confident and therefore capable of being a success in all other areas of life.

With the rise of the 1980s' work ethic, men in the media have become leaner; they look hard working and healthy. The ideal man does not self-indulge, he is in control and in command of his life. Hedonism seems to be becoming a thing of the past and this is illustrated by the contemporary ideal man.

So where do these images come from? These pressures seem to come from three sources: other men, women and the media.

One man said: 'Other men joke about putting on weight. They say "you're letting yourself go a bit" or suggest that you should take up squash at lunchtime.'

Another said, 'You overhear women talking about firm bottoms and flat stomachs and you realise that that's what they expect.' He also said: 'You know that women find certain film stars attractive. You also realise that they know nothing about them apart from how they look and what their bodies are like, so you realise that it is their bodies that make them attractive.'

The pressure also comes from the media. Over recent years there has been an increase in men used in advertising, all of whom are thin and stereotypically attractive. Media men have become less hedonistic and increasingly in control and reserved. In a recent television advert, a young man is used to advertise healthy pre-cooked meals. He is thin, healthy and represents clean living and self-control. He looks sensible. Male heroes of the 1960s and 1970s had an air of excess and debauchery about them. Now men are tame and controlled. The only media man that any of the men I interviewed could think of who was outside this image was Jack Nicholson who personifies total hedonism, self- indulgence and pleasure. Perhaps his attractiveness comes from his obvious rejection of social norms, and his ability not to conform, not to use tricks and not to be influenced by what other people expect.

Women tend to assume that men can get away with a greater variety of looks, sizes and shapes than women. It is believed that the male personality can compensate for many (but not all) physical characteristics. Woody Allen is a sex symbol; the female equivalent would never have even made it through the studio door. However, the media do seem to present an image of the ideal man of the 1980s and 1990s. How do men respond to these images? Do men feel dissatisfied with their bodies?

In 1968 Diabiase and Hjelle carried out a study to evaluate men's idea of the ideal body size. Groups of fat, average and thin men were shown silhouettes of male bodies which were also fat, thin and of average weight. The men were then asked to say which size they preferred and why. All the male subjects regardless of their own size preferred the average weight. They felt that both the thin and fat bodies represented qualities such as being shy, dependent and withdrawn, whereas the average-size body represented being active, energetic and dominant.

The men in the study showed a preference for a particular size. But was this reflected in a dissatisfaction with their own size?

Men and women were asked to rate their ideal size and their actual size. All the women subjects showed a large discrepancy between how they felt they looked and how they wanted to look, but the young men in the study did not. Regardless of their actual size, they felt satisfied with their weight.

Although men may report an ideal size and a preference for a particular body size this does not seem to be reflected in a dissatisfaction with their own size. It would seem that men are not directly affected with worries about their weight.

Nutrition Facts Labels is KEY to Successful Dieting

Choosing foods wisely based on the information that you can glean from Nutrition Facts labels is key to successful dieting. At first, the label may seem awfully confusing, but if you know what to look for, interpreting a label is really pretty simple. See the list that follows for the skinny on the most important information featured on the Nutrition Facts label:

Calories: The calorie total is based on the stated serving size - so if you eat more or less than what the label lists as one portion, you need to do the math.

Dietary fiber: Choose the foods with the most fiber. Research shows that people who eat plenty of fiber also eat fewer calories. You get the most fiber in foods made from whole grains, such as cereals and breads. Fruits and vegetables have fiber, too. A food is considered to be high in fiber if it has at least 5 grams of fiber per serving.

Serving size: Notice how the food manufacturer's serving size compares to the size you usually eat. For example, does your normal serving of ice cream measure more than the standard %z cup? And remember that serving amounts are given in level measuring cups or spoons. Servings per container can help you estimate sizes if a measuring cup or spoon isn't handy.

Total fat: For dieting, keep total fat to less than about 20 to 30 percent of calories. For someone who eats 1,500 calories a day, that's no more than 33 to 50 grams. Remember, the Percentage Daily Value numbers on Nutrition Facts labels are based on 65 grams of fat a day (30 percent of total calories) and calculated on a 2,000-calorie-per-day diet.

Trans fatty acid is the newest item to be added to the Nutrition Fact label. By January 2006, all foods required to carry nutrition labeling will have to state the amount of trays fatty acids in their product. Like saturated fat, trans fat is a type of fat. The grams of these fats, and their calories, are already accounted for in the total fat.

To quickly figure the number of grams of fat that 30 percent represents, start with your total number of daily calories. Drop the last digit and then divide the remaining number by 3. So if you allow yourself 1,800 calories for the day, divide 180 by 3 to get 60 grams of fat as your daily limit.

Understanding Your Relationship with Food

That society discriminates against overweight people is a fact of life. It starts in school, and anyone who has been larger than his classmates can tell tales of the rejection and ridicule that come out from the mouths of thinner peers. That the prejudice is widespread in the business world, too, is well documented. And countless men and women can tell you that their weights and their dissatisfaction with their bodies keep them from getting close to other people or sometimes even enjoying sex with their spouses.

Being overweight takes a toll on your self-esteem and the way you relate to others. Self-esteem is key to your relationship with food, too. If you don't feel good about your body, you may not feel good about the food you put into it. And without a healthy relationship with food, your body image will plummet. It's a Catch-22 situation.

This section is about body image: finding out how to feel good about who you are, regardless of your body size or shape.

Just whose ideal are you anyway

According to research conducted by the Kellogg's Corporation (published by the Opinion Research Corporation), women in the United States determine their ideal body size and shape from the way models in television ads and fashion magazines look, not from the way women look in real life. Women are obsessed about their weight, fueled by a society that sets an artificial standard for beauty based on the way models look. Women also believe that how they're described by men and by each other promotes the notion of an ideal woman, whom they will never be able to match.

The Kellogg's survey found that women tend to focus on the specific body parts they don't like, not on their bodies as a whole. They may like their hair color and think that they're tall enough, but only 14 percent of the women surveyed were happy with their weights. Almost a third of the women surveyed said that a woman's ideal weight is between 110 and 125 pounds, and half said that a weight between 126 and 145 is ideal. But in reality, there is no such thing as an ideal weight, because people are genetically programmed to be different shapes and sizes.

That so many women are confused about what they should look like isn't surprising. The role models look nothing like the average woman. In fact, if you think about it, it's the fashion models who don't conform to the standards of the average adult, not the other way around. Only 1 in 40,000 women has a supermodel like body - 40,000! That ratio means that out of the entire population of Indiana, a state with more than 6 million residents, only 152 women have model-perfect bodies!

The following table compares the average American woman to the media's and society's ideals, demonstrating that when it comes to selling clothes, life doesn't imitate art. In fact, it's getting farther away from it. Marline Morn, the pinup girl of the 1950s, wore a size 14 dress - the same size that many women in the United States wear today. This isn't to say that a size 14 is healthy for all women. It depends on your height and other factors. If you're 5 feet tall and you wear a size 14, then you're probably unhealthy. But if you're 5 feet 6 inches tall, a size 14 may be okay, even though you'd still be considered on the large side by society's standards. The scary thing is that today's models, who are usually at least 5 feet 8 inches or taller, typically wear only a size 6. And between 1955 and 1998, the measurements of a Playboy centerfold dropped by 35 percent.

Female Role Models
	Average Man	Mannequin	Model
Dress size	12	6	6
Weight	152		120
Height	5'9"	6'	6'
Body measurements	37-34-40	34-25-34	34-25-34
	37 waist	30 waist	30 waist
Percent body fat	34		28
BMX (Body Mass Index)	26.1		17.2

This phenomenon isn't unique to women. Even male models and mannequins are smaller than the average American male. Table illustrates the differences.

Male Role Models
	Average Man	Mannequin	Model
Pant size	37	30	30
Suit size	42 regular	40 regular	40 regular
Weight	180		145-150
Height	5'9"	6'	6'
Body measurements	41 chest	39 chest	39 chest
	37 waist	30 waist	30 waist
Percent body fat	22		15
BMX (Body Mass Index)	26.6		205

The important point to take away from these tables is that you need to stop comparing yourself and your weight to unrealistic numbers. Even if you diet religiously, you probably won't end up with the body of a super model. Stop beating yourself up for not meeting standards that are clearly unrealistic and concentrate on the things you can do to make your body healthy. And begin to feel good about your progress, too.

One study of obese women - their average weight was about 218 pounds - conducted by Foster and others at the University of Pennsylvania did just that [see the Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology 65(1), 1997]. The women were asked to write down their goal weights and then the weight-loss amounts that they would consider "acceptable" and "disappointing." Most women set their goals 32 percent lower than their starting points (about 72 pounds). "Acceptable" was about a 25 percent loss (55 pounds), and the women considered a weight loss of only 17 percent of their starting weights (38 pounds) to be "disappointing."

After 6 months of dieting, exercising, and behavior modification and 6 months of maintenance, the average weight loss that these women were able to maintain was only 16 percent of their defined starting weights (or 36 pounds). They hadn't even reached their "disappointing" weight_ Did they fail? No. These women can be called successful for several reasons: A weight loss of just 10 percent is enough to bring down high blood pressure, lower cholesterol and triglycerides, and improve overall health. And these women beat that goal by 6 percentage points.